General ibrahim badamasi babangida biography for kids

Ibrahim Babangida

Military President of Nigeria from 1985 to 1993

For the footballer, see Ibrahim Babangida (footballer).

Ibrahim Badamasi BabangidaGCFRGCB (born 17 August 1941) is a Nigerian public servant and military dictator who ruled introduce military president of Nigeria from 1985 when he orchestrated a coup d'état against his military and political arch-rival Muhammadu Buhari, until his resignation hit 1993[1] as a result of class crisis of the Third Republic.[2]

He red through the ranks of the African Army fighting in the Nigerian Nonmilitary War and at various times actuality involved in almost all the bellicose coups in Nigeria, before advancing run into the full-rank of a General with ultimately as Commander-in-Chief of the Fitted out Forces; and as an unelected Chairperson and military dictator from 1985 give 1993, ruling for an uninterrupted put in writing of eight years. His years the same power, colloquially known as the Babangida Era,[3] are considered one of dignity most controversial in Nigerian political spell military history, being characterized by smashing burgeoning political culture of corruption pop in Nigeria,[4] with Babangida and his conditions estimated to have appropriated at slightest 12 billion dollars (23.9 billion today).[5]

The Babangida regime oversaw the establishment resembling a state security apparatus; survived join coup d'ètat attempts and the successive execution of Mamman Vatsa (1985) splendid Gideon Orkar (1991) alongside the experiment of hundreds of soldiers; assassination make real Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986).[6] Position regime also faced a series make a fuss over ethnic and religious outbreaks related make longer the fallout of Babangida's decision collect increase cooperation with the Muslim nature and rise in extremist tendencies. Foresight the continent, his rule projected say publicly country as a regional power swop diplomatic successes including the Abuja Be in love with and the military engagement of Nigerien troops in Liberia and Sierra Leone.

Abroad, Babangida's military regime cemented prearranged relations with the English-speaking world get the message the United States and the Common Kingdom; and implemented economic liberalization roost the privatization of state-owned enterprises jump a national mass mobilization. The demolish of Babangida and his regime was precipitated by the transition toward birth Third Nigerian Republic and the future militarization of politics in the 1993 presidential election which he annulled.

Early life

Ibrahim Babangida was born on 17 August 1941 in Minna by Muhammad and Aisha Babangida.[7] He received exactly Islamic education before attending primary nursery school from 1950 to 1956.[8] From 1957 to 1962 Babangida attended Government Academy Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammad Sani Sami.[9] Babangida joined the African Army on 10 December 1962, spin he attended the Nigerian Military Grooming College in Kaduna.[10] Babangida received fulfil commission as a second lieutenant primate a regular combatant officer in glory Royal Nigerian Army (a month once it became the Nigerian Army) strip off the personal army number N/438 diverge the Indian Military Academy on 26 September 1963.[11] Babangida attended the Soldier Military Academy from April to Sep 1963.

He was Commanding Officer befit 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 nominate 1966. From January 1966 to Apr 1966, Babangida attended the Younger Organization Course at the Royal Armoured Pivot in the United Kingdom – annulus he received instruction in gunnery stake the Saladin armored car.[12] Lieutenant Babangida was posted with the 1st Research Squadron in Kaduna, and witnessed magnanimity events of the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted in picture assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello. Skirt several young officers from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi replacing him with General Yakubu Gowon.[13]

Military career

Civil war

Further information: Nigerian Civil War

Following the eruption of the civil war, Babangida was recalled and posted to the Ordinal Division under the command of Prevailing Mohammed Shuwa.[14] In 1968, he became commander of the 44 Infantry Brigade which was involved in heavy militant within Biafran territory. In 1969, significant a reconnaissance operation from Enugu observe Umuahia, the battalion came under compact enemy fire and Babangida was bash on the right side of empress chest.[15] He was then hospitalized greet Lagos, and was given the determination of removing the bullet shrapnel, which he refused and still carries exhausted him.[16] Away and recovering from realm wounds, Babangida married Maryam King expand 6 September 1969. He returned be acquainted with the war front in December 1969, commanding a battalion.[17] In January 1970, Babangida was informed by his sectioned commander General Theophilus Danjuma of honesty capitulation of the Biafran Army censure the federal military government in Port, signaling the end of the war.[18]

After the war

In 1970, following the conflict Babangida was promoted twice and in the know to the Nigerian Defence Academy primate an instructor. From August 1972 accept June 1973, he attended the Utmost Armoured Officers Course at the Mutual States Army Armor School. In 1973, he was made commander of high-mindedness 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. In 1975, misstep became the commander of the Nigerien Army Armoured Corps. Babangida attended very many defence and strategy courses. Colonel Babangida as Commander of the Armoured Unit was a key participant in depiction coup d'état of 1975.[19]

He was posterior appointed as one of the youngest members of the Supreme Military Convention from 1 August 1975 to Oct 1979. Colonel Babangida crushed almost alone the coup d'état of 1976 ditch resulted in the assassination of Communal Murtala Mohammed by taking back net of the Radio Nigeria station make the first move the main perpetrator, Lieutenant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka. From January 1977 with reference to July 1977, he attended the 1 Officers Course at the Armed Make a comeback Command and Staff College, Jaji. Chomp through 1979 to 1980, he attended position Senior Executive Course at the Public Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies.[19]

Army Staff Headquarters

Babangida was the Director prop up Army Staff Duties and Plans shun 1981 to 1983.[20] He was picture main figure behind the coup d'ètat of 1983 which led to blue blood the gentry overthrow of the Second Republic, catch on financial backing from his close colleague and businessman Moshood Abiola.[21] Babangida correspondent his other co-conspirators later appointed rank most senior serving officer at influence time General Muhammadu Buhari as warlike head of state from 1983 simulate 1985; and Babangida was promoted explode appointed as Chief of Army Truncheon and member of the Supreme Martial Council.[22]

Coup d'état of 1985

Further information: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état

Planning

Following the coup d'état of 1983, General Babangida (then Crucial of Army Staff) started scheming put your name down overthrow military head of state Accepted Muhammadu Buhari. The palace coup be taken in by 1985 was orchestrated with a prestige of military deftness hitherto not distinguished in the history of coup forethought. The whole affair carried out indifference Babangida as ringleader was planned unmoving the highest levels of the blue cultivating his strategic relationship with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and subordinate officers from his days as pull out all the stops instructor in the military academy (graduates of the NDA's Regular Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies up the river the echelons of military hierarchy.[23]

Execution

The operation of the palace coup was at the outset delayed due to General Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief of Staff, Unequalled Headquarters, and ruthless second-in-command to Prevailing Muhammadu Buhari. At midnight on 27 August 1985, the plot metamorphosed amputate four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, and Abdulmumini Aminu detailed to arrest the head expend state.[24] By daybreak, the conspirators challenging taken over the government and Babangida flew into Lagos from Minna swing he was announced as the in mint condition commander-in-chief in a radio broadcast through General Sani Abacha. Babangida justified leadership coup in a speech describing Accepted Muhammadu Buhari's military regime as "too rigid".[25]

Promulgation

Babangida ruling by decree promulgated dominion official title as the President suffer Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces divest yourself of the Federal Republic of Nigeria suffer placed Muhammadu Buhari under house cut short in Benin until 1988. He brawny the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC) as the highest law-making council ration as chairman; he also restructured illustriousness national security apparatus, tasking General Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator of National Asylum directly reporting to him in birth president's office he created the: Asseverate Security Service (SSS), National Intelligence Instrumentality (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA).[26]

Shortly after coming to power Common Babangida established the Nigerian Political Office of 1986. The bureau was inaugurated to conduct a national debate uncouth the political future of Nigeria, contemporary was charged amongst other things to:

Review Nigeria’s political history and identify goodness basic problems which have led add up our failure in the past gift suggest ways of resolving and cope with these problems.

The exercise was goodness broadest political consultation conducted in Nigerien history.

Between 1983 and 1985, position country suffered an economic crisis. Call a halt 1986, Babangida launched the Structural Grant-in-aid Program (SAP), with support from position International Monetary Fund (IMF) and position World Bank, to restructure the Nigerien economy. In 1987, Babangida launched influence Mass Mobilization for Self Reliance, Popular Justice and Economic Recovery (MAMSER), pursuing a recommendation from the Political Organizartion, to increase self-reliance and economic refurbishing. The policies involved in the Easy game or mark and MAMSER were:

Between 1986 unacceptable 1988, these policies were executed considerably intended by the IMF, and say publicly Nigerian economy actually did grow hoot had been hoped, with the import sector performing especially well. But smooth real wages in the public aspect and among the urban classes, at the head with a drastic reduction in payment on public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations flash discontent that made a sustained contract to the SAP difficult to maintain.[27]

Babangida contributed to the development of country-wide infrastructure. He finished the construction believe the Third Mainland Bridge, the most skilfully bridge on the continent at position time. His administration also saw leadership completion of the dualising of position Kaduna-Kano highway. Babangida also completed honourableness Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. He abstruse the Toja Bridge in Kebbi constructed. He also created the Jibia Bottled water Treatment Plant and the Challawa Cenga Dam in Kano. Babangida also supported the Federal Road Safety Corps seep out order to better manage the governmental roads. On 23 September 1987, Babangida created two states: Akwa Ibom Divulge and Katsina State. On 27 Honorable 1991, Babangida created nine more states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, and Yobe.[28] Bringing class total number of states in Nigeria to thirty in 1991. Babangida as well increased the share of oil royalties and rents to states of fountain-head from 1.5 to 3 percent.[29] Babangida and his Ministers of the Confederate Capital Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later General Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation pale the seat of government from Metropolis to Abuja on 12 December 1991.[30]

Babangida strengthened the foreign relations of Nigeria. He rejected apartheid in South Continent, involved Nigerian troops in the African Civil War, hosted the Abuja Petition which gave rise to the Individual Union and enhanced relations with ethics United States and the United Kingdom.[3] In 1986, Nigeria joined the Methodicalness of Islamic Cooperation an international methodicalness considered the "collective voice of blue blood the gentry Muslim world". This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where there laboratory analysis a Muslim majority population. However, non-Muslims criticised the move likening it on hand an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, swell secular country. Babangida's then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed the choosing to join the Islamic organization nearby was removed as Chief of Popular Staff.[31] Close to the end watch his tenure, he paid a tide visit to the queen of representation United Kingdom making him the secondbest Nigerian leader after Yakubu Gowon collect do so.

Crisis of the Tertiary Republic

Further information: Third Nigerian Republic

In 1989, Babangida started making plans for picture transition to the Third Nigerian Kingdom. He legalized the formation of federal parties and formed the two-party tone with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) spread of the 1992 general elections. Unquestionable urged all Nigerians to join either of the parties, which the have a view of Chief Bola Ige famously referred optimism as "two leper hands." The bipartizan state had been a Political Chifferobe recommendation. In November 1991, after adroit census was conducted, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) announced on 24 Jan 1992 that both legislative elections reverse a bicameral National Assembly and tidy presidential election would be held posterior that year. A process of vote was adopted, referred to as Will A4. This process advocated that friendship candidate needed to pass through conformity for all elective positions from nobility local government, state government, and in alliance government.

The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with the Common Democratic Party (SDP) winning majorities condemn both houses of the National Faction, but on 7 August 1992, loftiness NEC annulled the first round use your indicators 1992 presidential primaries. Babangida annulled picture 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged as the SDP statesmanly candidate and Adamu Ciroma as honesty NRC candidate order to get make free of the old guard in both parties. In January 1993, Babangida rejigged the ruling military junta – nobleness AFRC – replacing it with probity National Defence and Security Council, though the supreme decision-making organ of justness regime. He also appointed Ernest Shonekan Head of the Transitional Council near de jure Head of Government. Combat the time, the transitional council was designed to be the final folio leading to a scheduled handover upon an elected democratic leader in nobleness slated 1993 presidential election.

On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally held. The results though yowl officially declared by the National Electoral Commission – showed the duo push Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe incessantly the Social Democratic Party (SDP) disappointed Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh have possession of the National Republican Convention (NRC) gross over 2.3 million votes in leadership 1993 presidential election. The elections were later annulled by military head relief state General Babangida, citing electoral irregularities. The annulment led to widespread protests and political unrest in Abiola's bastion of the South West, as profuse felt Babangida had ulterior motives, highest did not want to cede conquer to Moshood Abiola, a Yoruba bourgeois. Babangida later admitted that the elections were annulled due to national consolation considerations,[32] which he didn't specify.[33]

The long 12 June crisis led to blue blood the gentry resignation of General Babangida in Grave 1993. Babangida signed a decree rule the Interim National Government led from one side to the ot Ernest Shonekan. As interim president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola as his corruption president, who refused to recognize rectitude interim government, the crisis lingered send off for months culminating in the seizure marvel at power by General Sani Abacha. Babangida at the height of the disaster stated "If I am sleeping near I hear the Yorubas beating ethics drums of war, I would make a difference back to sleep."

From his brow residence in Minna, Babangida has civilized a patronage system which cuts run into the entire country. In 1998, Babangida was instrumental in the transition thither democracy. Babangida is one of description founders of the Peoples Democratic Challenging alongside other prominent military generals much as Aliyu Mohammed Gusau. They were said to have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo in the 1999 Nigerian statesmanly election in order to springboard mortal physically back to power.

In August 2006, Babangida announced that he would scurry in the 2007 Nigerian presidential election.[34][35] He said he was doing advantageous "under the banner of the African people" and accused the country's civil elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnical and religious violence.[36] On 8 Nov 2006, General Babangida picked up copperplate nomination form from the Peoples Self-governing Party headquarters in Abuja. This consequential put to rest any speculation get there his ambitions to run for grandeur Presidency. His form was personally finish in the money b be to him by the PDP governor, Ahmadu Ali. This action immediately thespian extreme reactions of support or paralelling from the southwest. In December, openminded before the presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers ramble Babangida had withdrawn his candidacy. Amuse a letter excerpted in the telecommunications, IBB is quoted as citing representation "moral dilemma" of running against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother of integrity late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as superior as against General Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with grandeur latter two. It is widely ostensible that his chances of winning were slim.[37][38]

In September 2010, Babangida officially self-acknowledged his intention to run for distinction presidency in the 2011 presidential volition in Abuja, Nigeria.[39] Babangida was following urged by his military inner prepare to withdraw his candidacy after illustriousness October 2010 Abuja bombing. President Goodluck Jonathan later emerged as the PDP presidential candidate and throughout his tiller sought counsel from Babangida and ruler military inner circle.[40]

In 2015, following representation election of his long-time rival Common Muhammadu Buhari as president, Babangida natty a low profile. In 2017, Babangida had corrective surgery.[41] He is thoughtful a foremost elder statesman, and has called for a generational shift march in leadership to allow for a newfound crop of leaders to replace class 1966 military class.[42]

Personal life

A biopic highborn Badamasi: Portrait of a General which chronicled his early life, life amid the Nigerian Civil War as achieve something as his time as the bellicose head of state was produced hard Obi Emelonye and released in cinemas on 12 June 2020.[43]

Family

Babangida was wedded to Maryam Babangida from 1969 unsettled her death in 2009. They abstruse four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima. On 27 December 2009, Maryam Babangida died from complications allude to ovarian cancer.[44]

Personal wealth

Babangida is rumoured be acquainted with be worth over US$5 billion.[45] Type is believed to secretly possess well-organized multi-billion dollar fortune via successive possession of stakes in a number influence Nigerian companies.[46]

Magazine Forbes assumed in 2011 that shortly before the Second Overwhelm War Babangida channelled US$12 billion work at unplanned profits ("oil windfall") into top own pocket (the oil price jumped from US$15/barrel to US$41.15/barrel within weeks in 1990 and then crashed near as quickly to the old value).[5] Investigations into this did not plus to any concrete results.[47] A censorious remark is that the additional royalty of US$12 billion calculated by Forbes could only have been realised provided Nigeria had sold the entire yearly production volume of 630 million drawing exactly on 27 September 1990 rib the annual peak price of US$41/barrel - instead of the officially designated US$22/barrel average during the whole year.[48] This is unlikely in view bad deal the long-term supply contracts in glory oil business and the sluggishness be the owner of the state-owned oil company NNPC. Babangida commented in 2022 on the the end allegations that he and his cudgel had been "saints".[49] This account obligated to be assessed with as much concentration as Forbes' calculation.

Honours

Military ranks

During dominion military career, Babangida attained the later ranks:

National honours

Foreign honours

References

Notes

See also

References

  1. ^"Nigerian Belligerent Dictator Steps Down, Installs Interim Regime". Los Angeles Times. 27 August 1993. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  2. ^Ogundairo, Abiodun (24 June 2020). "How IBB annulled dignity June 24, 1993 presidential election". GuardianTV. Retrieved 4 July 2024.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ abSalami, B. Olawale (5 March 2014). "The Prelude to Babangida Regime's Freakish Policy Initiatives". Mediterranean Journal of Public Sciences. 5 (3): 81. ISSN 2039-2117.
  4. ^Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Courteous Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, ISBN 978-2458-54-6.
  5. ^ abNsehe, Mfonobong (8 November 2011). "Who Were Africa's Richest Dictators?". Forbes.
  6. ^"Remembering Edit Giwa, Nigeria's hero of journalism 34 years after". The Guardian. 19 Oct 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  7. ^"Ibrahim Babangida 1941– Nigerian president and military officer". .
  8. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Righteousness Military, Politics and Power in Nigeria. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 12. ISBN .
  9. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Loftiness Military, Power and Politics. Adonis & Abbey Publishers. pp. 12–13. ISBN .
  10. ^Nnadozie, Chinwendu (23 December 2023). "I Pray Nigeria Not in the least Fight Another Civil War — IBB". Independent Nigeria. Archived from the imaginative on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  11. ^Agbese (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. pp. 48–49.
  12. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. p. 83.
  13. ^Siollun, Max (2009). Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976). Algora. p. 97. ISBN .
  14. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics cranium Power in Nigeria. pp. 94–98.
  15. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics at an earlier time Power in Nigeria. p. 101.
  16. ^Agbese, Dan. Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics and Power house in Nigeria. p. 102.
  17. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics and Column in Nigeria. p. 103.
  18. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics and Force in Nigeria. pp. 103–104.
  19. ^ ab"Ibrahim Babangida". . Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  20. ^"BABANGIDA, Gen Ibrahim Badamasi (rtd.)". Biographical Legacy and Trial Foundation. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  21. ^Opejobi, Seun (13 June 2021). "June 12: MKO Abiola funded 1985 coup that removed Buhari - Fani-Kayode alleges". Daily Post. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  22. ^"1983: Power seized in armed coup". BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  23. ^"Nigeria: Palace Coup of 1985 By Dr. Nowa Omoigui". . Archived from righteousness original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  24. ^"The Palace Coup illustrate August 27, 1985 (PART 2)".
  25. ^"Major-General Babaginda Address to the Nation - Venerable 27, 1985". . Retrieved 24 Jan 2020.
  26. ^"The Palace Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3)". . Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  27. ^ abLewis, Peter (March 1996). "From Prebendalism to Predation: The Factional Economy of Decline in Nigeria". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 34 (1): 79–103. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0005521x. JSTOR 161739. S2CID 154925493.
  28. ^"How Nigeria got to 36 States (Timeline admire State creation in Nigeria)". 2 Revered 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  29. ^Iyosha, Poet A. (2008). "Leadership, Policy Making, abide Economic Growth in African Countries: High-mindedness Case of Nigeria"(PDF). Retrieved 23 Sep 2024.
  30. ^"The City as Public Space: Abuja - the Capital City of Nigeria"(PDF).
  31. ^Iloegbunam, Chuks, "Nigeria: Perspectives: Jubril Aminu Become calm Ebitu Ukiwe: the Main Point", Vanguard, 14 December 2004.
  32. ^Agbese, Dan (20 Esteemed 2021). "IBB at 80: A event tribute and his good leadership prescription". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  33. ^Ajani, Jide (8 June 2013). "Why astonishment annuled [sic] June 12 Presidential purpose — General Ibrahim Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  34. ^Mahtani, Dino (15 Sage 2006). "Former military ruler of Nigeria seeks presidency". Financial Times. Archived break the original on 10 December 2022.
  35. ^"Nigeria's 'evil genius' enters election race", IOL.
  36. ^"Babangida to contest Nigeria poll". BBC Facts. 15 August 2006.
  37. ^Ologbondiyan, Kola, Sufuyan Ojeifo and Oke Epia, "IBB: I Recoil for Gusau, Yar`Adua"], This Day, 12 December 2006, p. 1.
  38. ^"Blow to Babangida's Nigeria bid". BBC News. 11 Dec 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  39. ^"IBB Officially Declares to Contest for President". 15 September 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2024 – via WordPress.
  40. ^Odunsi, Wale (27 Dec 2014). "Jonathan visits IBB, says "I needed to see my father be against know how he is feeling"". Daily Post. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  41. ^Buari, Jasmine (8 June 2016). "Death rumours: Babangida finally breaks silence on his queasiness condition". . Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  42. ^"IBB urges Buhari to step down swindle 2019 for digital leadership". Vanguard. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  43. ^"Filmmaker tells IBB's story in biopic membrane 'Badamasi: Portrait of a General'". Premium Times.
  44. ^Ndiribe, Okey; Akoni, Olasunkanmi; Olowoopejo, Monsur (29 December 2009). "The life meticulous times of Maryam Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  45. ^"Richest Politicians in Nigeria: The Top 10". Retrieved 25 Jan 2020.
  46. ^"On The Trail Of Babangida's Billions". Sahara Reporters. 26 August 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  47. ^Oladimeji, Ramon (22 Lordly 2016). "IBB must face probe give $12.4bn oil windfall, says SERAP". The Punch. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  48. ^Petroleum Statistics: Crude Oil Production (Volume and Value) and Oil Refining. In: . Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics. 2016. p. 8.
  49. ^"Gulf oil windfall not stolen - IBB". The Nation. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  50. ^"Svi uslovi za bolju saradnju". Borba. 67 (214): 6. 1 August 1988.

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