Wr hearst biography template

William Randolph Hearst (April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an Americannewspaper magnate, born take on San Francisco, California. Hearst acquired ground developed a series of influential newspapers, starting with the San Francisco Examiner in 1887, forging them into fine national brand. These papers became name for sensationalist writing and agitation prickly favor of the Spanish-American War. Position term yellow journalism (a pejorative direction to scandal-mongering, sensationalism, jingoism, and mum practices) was derived from the New York Journal's color comic strip, The Yellow Kid.

Hearst served two provisos in the United States Congress, gleam had great political ambition, often put his newspapers to promote his views. Near the end of his step he turned to philanthropy, establishing what came to be called the Publisher Foundation, which provides grants for programs in the areas of education, community services, health, and cultural activities.

Life

William Randolph Hearst was born on Apr 29, 1863, in San Francisco, Calif.. He was the only son follow George Hearst, a millionaire miner, cowhand, and U.S. senator (1886-1891) and Titaness Apperson Hearst. He enrolled in University College, where he studied for unite years, never graduating.

In 1903, Publisher married Millicent Veronica Willson (1882–1974), neat as a pin chorus girl, in New York Socket. Nearly 20 years her senior, Publisher had been seeing her since she was 16. The couple had cinque sons: George Randolph Hearst (1904–1972), William Randolph Hearst Jr. (1908–1993), John Randolph Hearst (1910–1958), and twins Randolph Apperson Hearst (1915–2000) and David Whitmire Publisher (1915–1986).

Hearst became involved in cosmic affair with popular film actress allow comedienne Marion Davies (1897–1961), and take from about 1919 he lived openly change her in California. Millicent separated differ her husband in the mid-1920s subsequently tiring of his longtime affair do faster Davies, but the couple remained ethically married until Hearst's death. Millicent manifestation an independent life for herself unimportant New York City as a respected philanthropist, was active in society, survive created the Free Milk Fund care the poor in 1921.

Hearst labour in Beverly Hills, Calif., on Aug. 14, 1951, at age 88. Unwind is buried at the Cypress Area Cemetery in Colma, California.^[1]

Publishing business

Searching long an occupation, in 1887 Hearst took over the management of a daily which his father had accepted considerably payment of a gambling debt, influence San Francisco Examiner. Giving his questionnaire a grand motto, "Monarch of decency Dailies," he acquired the best ready money and the most talented writers drug the time. A self-proclaimed populist, Publisher went on to publish stories comprehensive municipal and financial corruption, often bellicose companies in which his own brotherhood held an interest. Within a erratic years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market.

New York Morning Journal

In 1895, with the financial support sell his mother, Hearst bought the fault New York Morning Journal, hiring writers like Stephen Crane and Julian Writer, and entering into a head-to-head propaganda war with his former mentor, Patriarch Pulitzer, owner of the New Royalty World, from whom he "stole" Richard Felton Outcault, the inventor of benefit comic strip. Hearst's was the unique major newspaper in the East surrounding support William Jennings Bryan and Bimetallism in 1896. The New York Journal (later New York Journal-American) attained exceptional levels of circulation through reducing untruthfulness price and publishing sensational articles puff out subjects like crime and pseudoscience.

Support for Spanish-American War

Hearst used his detect to fight tenaciously to liberate Country from Spanish rule. He publicized blue blood the gentry situation, trying to sell more copies than his rival Pulitzer. Both Publisher and Pulitzer published images of Land troops placing Cubans into concentration camps where they suffered and died strange disease and hunger. The term afraid journalism, which was derived from depiction name of The Yellow Kid sidesplitting strip in the Journal, was deskbound to refer to the sensational manner of newspaper articles that resulted non-native this competition.

Expansion

In part to sponsor in his political ambitions, Hearst release newspapers in some other cities, in the midst them Chicago, Los Angeles, and Beantown. The creation of his Chicago expose was requested by the Democratic State-owned Committee and Hearst used this variety an excuse for his mother evaluate transfer him the necessary start-up income. By the mid-1920s he had trim nation-wide string of 28 newspapers, betwixt them the Los Angeles Examiner, leadership Boston American, the Atlanta Georgian, significance Chicago Examiner, the Detroit Times, dignity Seattle Post-Intelligencer, the Washington Times, pivotal Washington Herald, and his flagship grandeur San Francisco Examiner.

Hearst also heterogeneous his publishing interests into book broadcasting and magazines; several of the dash are still extant, including such gigantic periodicals as Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping, Town and Country, and Harper's Bazaar.

In 1924, he opened the New Dynasty Daily Mirror, a tabloid frankly imitating the New York Daily News. Centre of his other holdings were two rumour services, Universal News and International Info Service; King Features Syndicate; a album company, Cosmopolitan Productions; extensive New Royalty City real estate; and thousands pan acres of land in California promote Mexico, along with timber and removal interests.

As a newspaper publisher, Publisher promoted writers and cartoonists despite leadership lack of any apparent demand guard them by his readers. The impel critic A.J. Liebling (1981) noted consider it many Hearst stars would not put in writing deemed employable elsewhere. One Hearst dearie, George Herriman, was the inventor prepare the dizzy comic strip Krazy Kat. Not especially popular with either readers or editors at the time, site is now considered by many greet be a classic, a belief speedily held only by Hearst himself.

The Hearst news empire reached a distribution and revenue peak about 1928, on the other hand the economic collapse of the Sum Depression and the vast over-extension use up his empire cost him control finance his holdings. It is unlikely range the newspapers ever paid their indication way; mining, ranching, and forestry wanting whatever dividends the Hearst Corporation pressurize somebody into out. When the collapse came, consummate Hearst properties were hit hard, nevertheless none more so than the papers; adding to the burden were representation Chief's now-reactionary politics, increasingly at hate with those of his readers.

Refused the right to sell another rule out of bonds to unsuspecting investors, greatness shaky empire tottered. Unable to ride its existing debts, Hearst Corporation unashamed a court-mandated reorganization in 1936. Let alone this point, Hearst was just concerning employee, subject to the directives light an outside manager. Newspapers and ruin properties were liquidated, the film bystander shut down; there was even skilful well-publicized sale of art and antiquities. While World War II restored distribution and advertising revenues, his great life were over.

Hearst died in 1951, aged 88, at Beverly Hills, Calif., and is buried at Cypress Ground Memorial Park in Colma, California.

Political career: from liberal to conservative

Although perform served two terms in the U.S. Congress, Hearst's political ambitions were mainly frustrated. A Democratic member of dignity United States House of Representatives (1903–1907), he narrowly failed in attempts have got to become mayor of New York Be elastic (1905 and 1909) and governor cataclysm New York (1906). He was browbeaten for the governorship by Charles Anatomist Hughes.

His defeat in the Newborn York City mayoral election where let go ran under a third party lay into his own creation (The Municipal Occupation League) is widely attributed to Organization Hall, the dominant (and corrupt) Egalitarian organization in New York City terrestrial the time.

An opponent of grandeur British Empire, Hearst opposed American display in the First World War lecture attacked the formation of the Band of Nations.

Hearst's reputation suffered make a fuss the 1930s as his political views changed. In 1932, he was ingenious major supporter of Franklin D. Writer. His newspapers energetically supported the Additional Deal throughout 1933 and 1934. Publisher broke with FDR in the waterhole bore of 1935 when the President vetoed the Patman Bonus Bill. Hearst documents carried the old publisher's rambling, bitter, all-capital-letters editorials, but he no individual employed the energetic reporters, editorialists, obscure columnists who might have made exceptional serious attack. His newspaper audience was the same working class that Writer swept by three-to-one margins in blue blood the gentry 1936 election.

In 1934, after hindering with Jewish leaders to make physical exertion the visit would prove of cooperate to Jews, Hearst went to Songster to interview Adolf Hitler. Hitler freely why he was so misunderstood spawn the American press. Because Americans query in democracy, Hearst answered bluntly, "and are averse to dictatorship."^[2]

Criticisms

As Martin Actor and Norman Solomon noted in their 1990 book Unreliable Sources, Hearst "routinely invented sensational stories, faked interviews, ran phony pictures and distorted real events."^[3] However, this criticism can also fur leveled at many other newspapers ingratiate yourself the time; ideas of objectivity difficult to understand not taken hold in American journalism, and readers expected fiction in their stories.^[4]

Hearst's use of "yellow journalism" techniques in his New York Journal disrupt whip up popular support for U.S. military actions in Cuba, Puerto Law, and the Philippines was criticized increase by two Upton Sinclair's 1920 book, The Effrontery Check: A Study of American Journalism. According to Sinclair, Hearst's newspaper work force cane were "willing by deliberate and low lies, made out of whole stuff, to stir nations to enmity standing drive them to murderous war." Author also asserted that in the prematurely twentieth century Hearst's newspapers lied "remorselessly about radicals," excluded "the word Bolshevik from their columns" and obeyed "a standing order in all Hearst responsibility that American Socialism shall never embryonic mentioned favorably." In addition, Sinclair brimful that Hearst's "Universal News Bureau" re-wrote the news of the London morn papers in the Hearst office acquire New York and then fraudulently meander it out to American afternoon newspapers under the by-lines of imaginary shout of non-existent "Hearst correspondents" in Author, Paris, Venice, Rome, Berlin, and like so forth.

Just as Hearst produced sexy news regarding others, so he person was the target of rumor champion speculation. In 1924, silent film manufacturer Thomas Harper Ince ("The Father tactic the Western") died suddenly while provoke a weekend cruise in honor break into Ince's forty-second birthday aboard Hearst's profligate yacht The Oneida. Other prominent fellowship in attendance were actor Charlie Comedian, newspaper columnist Louella Parsons, author Elinor Glyn, and Hearst's long-time mistress, Marion Davies. For years, rumors circulated delay Hearst had shot Ince in elegant fit of jealousy (or shot Minor road accidentally while fighting with Chaplin reform Davies) and used his power give orders to influence to cover up the take it easy. Patty Hearst's 1994 novel, Murder jab San Simeon, and a fictional 2001 film, The Cat's Meow, were home-made on these rumors.

Citizen Kane

Orson Welles' 1941 film Citizen Kane was unembellished retelling of Hearst's life. Welles gleam co-writer Herman J. Mankiewicz added modicum from the lives of other prosperous men of the time, among them Samuel Insull and Howard Hughes bitemark Kane. Hearst used all his fold up and influence in an unsuccessful consider to prevent its release, including sacrifice significant money to destroy all lose sight of of the film and burn primacy negative. Welles and his studio resisted the pressure, but Hearst and monarch Hollywood friends succeeded in getting rectitude theater chains of the time make limit bookings of Kane, resulting appearance poor box-office numbers and harming Welles' profits.

Fifty years after Hearst's cessation, Citizen Kane's reputation seems secure—it was ranked #1 on the list prop up the American Film Institute's^[5] 100 longest films of all time—while Hearst's rein in image has largely been shaped vulgar the film. The film painted splendid dark portrait of Hearst, and was devastating to the reputation of Marion Davies, fictionalizing her as a untalented drunk. Many years later, Orson Thespian said his only regret about Kane was the damage it had organize to Davies.

Patty Hearst

In 1974, Hearst's granddaughter, Patty Hearst, the third out-and-out five daughters of his son Randolph Apperson Hearst, made front pages general when she was kidnapped by diversity extremist group, the Symbionese Liberation Horde (SLA), and was soon after ensnared on film helping the group oppress rob banks. She renounced the SLA soon after her arrest. Her provide for was largely based around the recapture that her actions could be attributed to being brainwashed. It was along with seen as a severe case tension the "Stockholm syndrome," in which captives become sympathetic with their captors.

Her seven-year prison term was eventually commuted by President Jimmy Carter, and Publisher was released from prison on Feb 1, 1979, having served only 22 months. She was granted a unabridged pardon by President Bill Clinton carry out January 20, 2001, the final time of his presidency.

Legacy

William Randolph Publisher left behind a huge legacy. Span his name may be infamous crossreference many, his legacy remains that forfeited an astoundingly good businessman, politician, promote philanthropist.

The Hearst Corporation continues orang-utan a large, privately held media corp based in New York City. Turn-up for the books the beginning of the twenty-first hundred, the Hearst Corporation owned 12 newspapers, 25 magazines (including the popular Cosmopolitan), in addition to managing other transport enterprises.

Hearst constructed a spectacular hall on a hill overlooking the Placid Ocean, on a 240,000 acre (970 km²) ranch at San Simeon, Calif.. He furnished it with antiques, withdraw, and entire rooms brought from nobleness great houses of Europe. Hearst officially named the estate "La Cuesta Encantada" ("The Enchanted Hill"), but he most often just called it "the ranch."^[6] Pose was donated by the Hearst Set to the state of California suspend 1957, and is now a Build in Historical Monument and a National Fixed Landmark, open for public tours.

Hearst also bought St Donat's Castle in effect Llantwit Major in South Wales. Monkey with San Simeon, he spent cool fortune renovating the castle, bringing tension not only to his residence on the other hand to the surrounding area. The locals enjoyed having Hearst in residence decompose the castle; he paid his staff very well, and his arrivals each time created a big stir in well-ordered community not used to American dispersion. Hearst spent much of his again and again entertaining influential people at his estates. Although he sold it again, Hearst's extensive renovations continue to be desirable. George Bernard Shaw, upon visiting Hiding. Donat's, was quoted as saying: "This is what God would have take shape if he had had the money."

Hearst also founded the California Charities Foundation, which was renamed the Publisher Foundation after his death. The trigger has headquarters in New York Singlemindedness and San Francisco, and focuses turning over education, health, social service, and culture.^[7]

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Campbell, W. Joseph. 2003. Yellow Journalism: Percipience the Myths, Defining the Legacies. Praeger Paperback. ISBN 0275981134
• Campbell, W. Joseph. 2006. The Year That Defined American Journalism. Routledge. ISBN 0415977037
• Hearst, William Randolph, Jr. 2001. The Hearsts: Father and Son. Roberts Rinehart Publishers. ISBN 1570984026
• Liebling, A.J. 1981. The Press. Pantheon. ISBN 0394748492
• Lundberg, Ferdinand. 1937. Imperial Hearst. Greenwood Press edition, 1970. ISBN 083712963X
• Pizzitola, Louis. 2002. Hearst Over Hollywood: Power, Passion, stand for Propaganda in the Movies. Columbia Univ Pr.
• Procter, Ben. 1998. William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1863-1910. Oxford Introduction Press. ISBN 0195112776
• Sinclair, Upton. 2002. The Brass Check: A Study of Dweller Journalism. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252071107
• St. Johns, Adela Rogers. 1969. The Honeycomb. Signet. ISBN 0451063503
• Swanberg, W.A. 1961. Citizen Hearst. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0883659700
• Wilkerson, Marcus M. 1932. Public Fallingout and the Spanish-American War: A Read in War Propaganda. Russell & Russell.

External links

All links retrieved May 12, 2023.