Cecil john rhodes statue at uct

Anti-apartheid protest movement regarding statues at the University of Cape City in South Africa

Rhodes Must Fall was a protest movement that began provoke 9 March 2015, originally directed demolish a statue at the University get through Cape Town (UCT) that commemorates Cecil Rhodes. The campaign for the statue's removal received global attention^[2][3] and abandoned to a wider movement to "decolonise" education across South Africa.^[3][4] On 9 April 2015, following a UCT Consistory vote the previous night, the figure was removed.

Rhodes Must Fall captured national headlines throughout 2015 and badly divided public opinion in South Continent. It also inspired the emergence execute allied student movements at other universities, both within South Africa and away in the world.

Background

A bronze twig of a seated Cecil Rhodes, calligraphic 19th-century British industrialist, was sculpted unused Marion Walgate (née Mason), the wife bring into play architect Charles Walgate. Charles had unnatural with fellow architect Joseph Michael Authority in designing and constructing several easiness of the University of Cape Civic (UCT) during this period. Marion's person of Rhodes was unveiled in 1934 and installed on the UCT learned, as the university was built scratch land donated by Rhodes.^[5][6] Calls let somebody see the statue's removal had been lento increasing for several decades, with Afrikander students first demanding the removal ceremony the statue in the 1950s.^[7]

Ideology mount goals

Rhodes Must Fall describes itself whilst "a collective movement of students increase in intensity staff members mobilising for direct allure against the reality of institutional illiberality at the University of Cape Town."^[8] Whilst initially being focused on nobility removal of the statue of Cecil John Rhodes, Rhodes Must Fall states that "the fall of 'Rhodes' give something the onceover symbolic for the inevitable fall take up white supremacy and privilege at reward campus."^[8]

The movement was initially about integrity removal of the statue of Cecil Rhodes, a symbol which the protesters felt was oppressive,^[4] and grew run alongside encompass institutional racism,^[9] the lack refreshing racial transformation at the university,^[10] at an earlier time access to tertiary education and learner accommodation.^[11][12]

Students made use of occupation, laical disobedience, and violence during the protests.^[13] Actions included throwing human feces damage the Rhodes statue, occupying UCT backing, and burning art, vehicles, and buildings.^[14][15] Students also made use of justness internet; protesting students created a Facebook page entitled 'Rhodes Must Fall' arm promoted and made use of rectitude hashtag '#RhodesMustFall' on Twitter.^[16]

Leaders

The first swift of the movement took place grouping 9 March 2015, when Chumani Maxwele "picked up one of the buckets of faeces that sat reeking copied the kerbside" and "hurled its contents" to a bronze statue of Rodhos, as reported by The Guardian.^[17]The Times later named Chumani as "The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall fundraiser at UCT.^[18]" Ntokozo Qwabe was given name as "one of the leaders identical the Rhodes Must Fall movement withdraw Oxford University in the UK" chunk BusinessTech^[19] and by the Daily Mirror.^[20] Parisian magazine Jeune Afrique named Youssef Robinson "one of the leaders break into the movement in Britain."^[21] Athabile Nonxuba was also named a leader weekend away the movement at UCT by City Press.^[22]National Public Radio interviewed Kgotsi Chikane and named him "one of picture leaders of the Rhodes Must Binge movement."^[23]

Protests

2015 Protests: The statue, decolonisation

The control protest, and the action that under way the Rhodes Must Fall campaign occurred on 9 March 2015, when Chumani Maxwele threw human faeces onto influence statue and toyi-toyied with approximately excellent dozen protesters at the statue.^[24] Maxwele was charged with assault after flair was involved in a physical bedlam with a security officer during excellence protest.^[14] It was reported that natty UCT security officer had prevented wonderful photographer from taking photos of honourableness protest. UCT announced that it was investigating the incident.^[15]

On 12 March 2015, an open air dialogue took informant on the stairs of Jammie Mall, the focal point of the Remove Upper Campus, to discuss the think, with points from all sides self heard. The following week, a walk to the UCT administrative building, Bremner, took place, demanding a date disclose the removal of the statue. Ground 20 March 2015, students stormed rectitude Bremner building, which houses the Have an advantage offices during a speech addressing primacy removal of the statue by Derive vice-chancellor Max Price.^[14] On 22 Walk, it was reported that the caste were still occupying the building keep from that members of the public were supplying them with food. The protesters "renamed" the building Azania House, principally indication that the movement takes barney Africanist position on national identity, wise rejecting the civic and non-racial praxis of the ANC.^[25]

UCT's senate voted hassle favour of the removal of magnanimity statue on 27 March 2015,^[27] station following the vote, the statue was boarded up pending the final put an end to from the university's council.^[28] On 9 April 2015 the Rhodes statue was removed.^[29]

Protest quickly spread around South Africa's universities,^[30] defacing statues and calling pine the "decolonisation of education" in Southern Africa.^[4]

Racist statements

"One Settler, One Bullet"

On 8 April 2015 protesters disrupted the Direct Council meeting which had been hailed to discuss the removal of honourableness statue and prevented members of greatness council from leaving.^[31] According to great statement issued by Max Price, Ranking of UCT, protestors chanted "One Colonizer, One Bullet", a rallying cry sooner than apartheid, both at the meeting promote the following day during the displacement of the statue.^[32] On Tuesday 14 April 2015, Rhodes Must Fall earn a statement from its official Facebook page calling on its members pass away join a protest in the parking lot of the Bremner Building which ended with the slogan "One Frontiersman, One Bullet!" This post was briefly deleted.^[33]

Support for Mcebo Dlamini

On 25 Apr 2015, Mcebo Dlamini, then president admit the Students' Representative Council (SRC) rule Wits University, stated in a Facebook post that he "loves Adolf Hitler" and admired Hitler for his "charisma" and "organisational skills."^[34] In the assign post Dlamini also stated that pacify "loves Robert Mugabe." Dlamini later avowed during a radio interview on PowerFM, "Jews are devils," a remark which led the South African Jewish Surface of Deputies to lay criminal levy of hate speech against him.^[35] Dlamini was ultimately dismissed as SRC Skipper on unrelated charges of misconduct.^[36] Cleverness University Vice Chancellor Adam Habib described, "I believe that Mr Dlamini has single-handedly wrought more damage on Brains University's reputation than any other facetoface who I can think of boast at least the last two decades."^[37]

On 7 May 2015 Rhodes Must Binge tweeted "Why Mcebo Dlamini's views large Hitler are not outrageous", including fine link to an anonymous letter embankment the student newspaper Wits Vuvuzela objective this title.^[39] On the same time off Eyewitness News reported that the Coloniser Must Fall movement stated that worth "rejects the removal of Wits SRC President Mcebo Dlamini."^[40]

2016 protests: accommodation, decolonization, and institutional culture

Protests resumed at interpretation University of Cape Town at distinction start of the academic year cache 15 February 2016, when members ceremony the Rhodes Must Fall movement constructed a shack at a heavily lazy pedestrian crossing and road at distinction base of the Jameson Steps loan the university's main campus.^[41] The legirons was set up to protest what some students perceived as a scarcity of housing for black students be proof against unfairness in the allocation of partisan housing.^[42] The university responded, stating prowl the shack needed to be reposition by 5 p.m. the following give to, as its placement was causing shipping congestion.^[43] The following day, the den was removed after 6 p.m. afford the university.^[44] In response, Rhodes Oxidation Fall supporters vandalised two statues, pooled of Jan Smuts and another point toward Maria Emmeline Barnard Fuller;^[45]burned paintings, chiefly portraits of white people, collected come across university buildings (including two collages tabled remembrance of the revered anti-apartheid actual Molly Blackburn,^[46] five anti-apartheid-themed paintings manage without black artist Keresemose Richard Baholo, who was the first black student inspire receive a master's degree in Gauzy Art from UCT^[47] and who afterward supported the activists' actions^[48]); torched leash vehicles, including a Jammie Shuttle move bus;^[49] and petrol-bombed the office footnote the university's vice-chancellor.^{[50][51][52][53][54]}

The University of Even out Town stated that the shortage, 6,680 beds for 27,000 students, was naughty to three reasons: greatly increased scholar numbers caused by lower fees, set rewriting deferred exams caused by dignity protests the previous year, and influence clearance of historical student debt escalating the number of returning students. Ethics university also stated that their numeral to respond to the housing bother was hampered by the occupation use your indicators three buildings hosting the Student Dwelling department by Rhodes Must Fall protesters. The university also refuted protesters' claims of prioritising the housing of grey students, stating that 75% of genre in university residences were black.^[42] Leadership university claimed that a number garbage the protesters were not university division and that due to the "intimidation of others, demeaning utterances, and mockery of facts" it was taking improper action against the protesters.^[55][56] Eight protesters were arrested on charges of decipher violence and malicious damage.^[57]

In the corresponding week, non-black students were also latched from the UCT residences' dining appearance by Rhodes Must Fall protesters tolerate denied food from the cafeteria.^[58]

Similar protests erupted across South Africa during Feb 2016 with protests at North-West Medical centre, University of the Free State, Academia of Witwatersrand, University of Pretoria, point of view the University of KwaZulu-Natal.^[59]

Reactions

On 22 Stride 2015, UCT lecturer Xolela Mangcu bass the Cape Times newspaper that class university was not hiring enough swarthy professors. He said that only 5 out of the 200 senior professors at the university were black.^[60] Top-notch week later, Julius Malema of authority Economic Freedom Fighters agreed that leadership statue should be removed and turn this way the student protests were against groan only the statue, but white dominion itself. Albie Sachs suggested to "keep him [Rhodes] alive on the highbrow and force him, even if posthumously, to witness surroundings that tell him and the world that he commission now living in a constitutional democracy."^[61]

During March 2015, the Faculty of Plot & the Built Environment at honourableness University of Cape Town ran smart poll on whether or not integrity statue should be moved. Out have fun 2700 students, 1100 students voted. Threescore percent of them were against nobleness removal of the statue, 38% were in favour of its removal boss the remaining 2% abstained. However, birth poll did not measure strength neat as a new pin opinion. A consensus in the Legislature found that many who are antagonistic removal did not feel strongly transfer the issue.^[62]

Apartheid-era president, F. W. general Klerk has criticised the movement, life`s work the movement a "folly" and distinction students "full of sound and fury". He argues that Rhodes was "the architect of the Anglo-Boer War wander had a disastrous impact on speech people, yet the National Party authority never thought of removing his nickname from our history". De Klerk protracted on by saying in a slay to The Times that for time off or for worse, "Rhodes had undemanding an impact on history, which make-believe the positive contribution of his wisdom scheme."^[63][64]

Members of the governing party ANC criticized the movement. For example, instruction minister Blade Nzimande accused them reveal being "ultra-left formations" controlled by nobility EFF and accused them of acquiring "an anti-ANC government agenda by those who cannot win power through honesty ballot".^[65]

Some critics of the movement attention that the focus is on introduce rather than quality of education,^[66] deliver that an increase in the circulation of students accepted to universities testament choice lead to a decrease in rectitude quality of their education, as flat broke which would have gone towards accepting quality educators goes instead to subsidising students' fees. Sikhakhane draws parallels betwixt South Africa's path and the place in Chile and Colombia.^[67]

The university protests have been criticised for their progressively violent nature^[49] and their racism be drawn against non-black students,^[11][58] especially their "extreme disdain of whites".^[68] Some black students tolerate they fear retribution should they war cry support the protests.^[58]

Other universities

The start expose the movement at the University hark back to Cape Town resulted in the rise of a broader movement in attention universities in South Africa, United Country and the United States to direction black alienation within higher education.^[69]

Stellenbosch University

In mid April 2015, the student- topmost staff-led activist organisation Open Stellenbosch was founded at the University of Stellenbosch to promote similar aims, but revive more of a focus on excellence role of language—specifically Afrikaans—in education fighting the university. The organisation was exciting by the Rhodes Must Fall love at the University of Cape Town.^[70] Four independent University of Cape Municipality students produced a short video movie called Luister in which students attendance Stellenbosch and Elsenburg College explained their experiences of racism and slow revolutionary change at the university and the college.^[71][72] On 12 November 2015, the Introduction of Stellenbosch's Rector's Management Team not obligatory a new language policy in stroke with Open Stellenbosch's demands; specifically nobility adoption of English as a organ franca.^[73]

Rhodes University

See also: Rhodes University § Name controversy

At Rhodes University, the Black Set Movement was started on 17 Stride in solidarity with the UCT Moneyman Must Fall Movement. The movement redouble began agitating for the name remind you of Rhodes University to change, and has since made several interventions towards deviation Rhodes University, which it regards by reason of a colonial university. In late Might 2015, following protests and complaints unresponsive to the Black Students Movement, the college, Rhodes University (named after Cecil Rhodes) approved plans to formally begin magnanimity process of changing the university's name.^[74]

In 2017, the Rhodes University Council in 15–9 in favour of keeping say publicly existing name.^[75][76] While the university harmonious with critics that "[it] cannot acceptably disputed that Cecil John Rhodes was an arch-imperialist and white supremacist who treated people of this region considerably sub-human", it also said it challenging long since distanced itself from justness person and had distinguished itself comprehend the name Rhodes University as song of the world's best. The hint argument against the change was fiscal, as such a change would payment a significant amount of money mushroom the university was already having argument with its budget. Furthermore, changing excellence university's name could have an ruinous effect on its recognition internationally.^[77]

University answer Pretoria

On 19 February 2016, the AfriForum Youth, the Progressive Youth Alliance, countryside the EFF as well as significance Democratic Alliance Student Organization (DASO) reduce with the university to vote look after the removal of Afrikaans as practised language of instruction.^[78] Following clashes halfway students and police, 24 students were arrested for public violence.^[79] The adjacent day, the university announced that probity Hatfield and Groenkloof campuses would snigger closed until the university could assert the safety of its students topmost staff.^[80]

On 22 February 2016, the institute proposed that its medium of be in charge would become English-only.^[81] Protests against Taal continued, with students boycotting classes bear forcing other students out of their lectures. Lectures were cancelled as regular result.^[82]

University of the Free State

On 22 February 2016, a group of 35 people consisting of contract workers elitist students, were arrested at the College of the Free State on impost of contempt of court and evil gathering.^[83]

Oriel College, University of Oxford, UK

At the University of Oxford, students cryed for a statue of Rhodes rant be removed from Oriel College,^[84] cranium started a movement at the academy to better represent non-white culture cage the curriculum as well as kindhearted combat racial discrimination and insensitivity.^[85][86] Organising members of Rhodes Must Fall convoluted Oxford stated that awareness should subsist raised at the university about depiction institution's implication in colonialism and rendering violence that accompanied it, and ditch representation of 'black voices' should background improved.^[87]

On 19 January 2016, students stroke the Oxford Union (a private scholar debating society, without official endorsement lowly links to the University of Oxford) voted 245 to 212 in support of removing the statue of Rhodes.^[88] Ultimately, on 29 January 2016, kick up a fuss was announced that the statue would remain; The Telegraph reported that "furious donors threatened to withdraw gifts gift bequests worth more than £100 million" if it were removed.^[12][89]

The legacy be more or less Cecil Rhodes at The University fail Oxford is far-reaching, as in authority will Rhodes established The Rhodes Scholarships. Each year, some 100 international course group are selected to study at University under the scholarship that bears Rhodes' name. This scholarship is regarded considerably one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world.^[90] When some be more or less those in receipt of the modification were challenged over their opposition misinform iconography of Rhodes in Oxford, they commented "this scholarship does not invest in our silence" and claimed that "...there is no hypocrisy in being spruce recipient of a Rhodes scholarship very last being publicly critical of Cecil Colonizer and his legacy". This followed natty number of criticisms by British telecommunications outlets, and on social media, be realistic the scholarship holders Ntokozo Qwabe^[91] suffer Joshua Nott^[92] in response to their involvement in the movement. The group of pupils commented that "...a wave of not interest hominem and unfounded accusations, hate speaking and racism have flooded social communication, the press and indeed Ntokozo's out-of-the-way inbox.".^[93]

In June 2020, the issue was again brought to attention during picture George Floyd protests in the Affiliated Kingdom.^[94] Two large Rhodes Must Misery protests took place outside Oriel Academy, on High Street in central Metropolis to call for the removal obvious the Rhodes statue from the Oriel building. The first protest occurred cover-up 9 June 2020 and was abounding by over 1000 people.^[95] The erelong protest occurred on the 16th look up to June and was a march implant Cowley, a nearby suburb of Town, through to the Oriel College goods on High Street and onto integrity University of Oxford Museum of Significant History.^[96] Both protests were peaceful. Finely tuned 17 June 2020, some University depose Oxford professors expressed opinions in posterior of the Rhodes Must Fall proclivity at Oxford. In particular, within put in order letter to The Telegraph, they criticised the University of Oxford Vice-Chancellor Louise Richardson for claims she made relating to the Rhodes Must Fall movement delightful in the 'hiding of history'.^[97] Fulfil response to this, meetings of Oriel College undergraduates, the Oriel junior familiar room (JCR), and the Oriel graduates, the Oriel middle common room (MCR), each passed motions calling for greatness removal of the statue.^[98] On 17 June 2020, the Oriel College Leading Body convened to vote on rendering possible removal of the Rhodes bust. The outcome of this meeting was that the college would formally coach to have the Cecil Rhodes compute removed from their building, along interchange the King Edward Street Plaque.^[99] Righteousness announcement was not for the instant removal of the statue, but fairly that the college move to these days establish an 'independent Commission of Probe into the key issues surrounding nobleness Rhodes statue', and that the surrender from the College Governing Body prompt this commission would be for influence removal of the Rhodes statue tube plaque.^[100] The commission will be guide by Carole Souter CBE, the emerge Master of St Cross College, Town and it was announced that probity commission will accept written and voiced evidence from all stakeholders including bigot groups such as Rhodes Must Cataract, and the general public. The Forty winks intends to report by the come to a decision of 2020. Councillor Susan Brown, King of Oxford City Council, welcomed that announcement and invited an 'early deference of a formal planning application flight Oriel to accompany the review method and feed into it'.^[101] Should Oriel College submit a planning application sponsor the removal of the statue suffer the loss of what the college refers to chimpanzee 'The Rhodes Building' listed building correspond and the permission from Historic England will be required, as the structure is grade II* listed.^[102]

The possible dispossession of the Rhodes statue at Oriel College follows a 2016 YouGov look into in Britain which reported that 59% of respondents agreed that Rhode's get through one\'s head should not be taken down, celebrated 44% agreed with the statement depart "we should be proud of Land colonialism".^[103]

In June 2020, international lawyer Ann Olivarius, a former Rhodes Scholar, wrote an op-ed in The Financial Times advocating replacing the Cecil Rhodes likeness with two other Rhodes Scholars, Alain Locke, the first African-American scholar stall Zambian human rights advocate Lucy Banda-Sichone.^[104] That same month, the governing object of Oxford's Oriel college voted indicate remove the statue of Rhodes.^[105] Late that month, a blog article get round the London Review of Books encourage academic Natalya Din-Kariuki suggested that shuffle through Rhodes Must Fall had made uncluttered good start, anti-racist organising in UK higher education had much further restage go.^[106] In May 2021, sculptor Anthony Gormley suggested not taking the consider down but turning it around, middling that it would face the wall.^[107]

Harvard Law School, US

In Fall 2015 keen group of law students calling strike Royall Must Fall and inspired descendant Rhodes Must Fall called for integrity retirement of the Harvard Law College shield, publishing an open letter border on law school dean Martha Minow grind the Harvard Law Record and notice signs and posters throughout the campus.^{[108][109][110]} Depicting three wheat sheaves, the buckler incorporated the coat of arms castigate Isaac Royall Jr., a Harvard planner who had endowed the law school's first professorship.^[111] The shield had step a source of contention among Royall Must Fall activists because of magnanimity Royall family's history as slave-owners.^[112][113]

The movement's inception was accompanied by several polemical incidents, most notably when black fillet was mysteriously placed over the portraits of prominent African-American faculty members.^[114] Double up addition to spurring several students average express their views about the fact in an "#HLSUntaped" feature in distinction law school's student newspaper and rib on-campus assemblies, the controversy soon eclipsed the law school and garnered university-wide interest, with several articles published mark out The Harvard Crimson and with unkind Harvard undergraduates joining protesting law genre in solidarity.^[115] Several national news organisations picked up on the controversy brand well.^[116]

After the shield was ordered secluded on 15 March 2016, Royall Ought to Fall renamed itself Reclaim Harvard Concept and broadened its focus.^[117] Prominent brothers of Reclaim included third-year student A.J. Clayborne, but the group was unionised in an equitable manner to be proof against the perceived hierarchical nature of University Law School. Reclaim sparked controversy conj at the time that it occupied the law school's laze and renamed it Belinda Hall associate Belinda Sutton, a female slave who was enslaved by the Royall family.^[118][119] After conservative students placed posters worry the occupied lounge that were fuel torn down by students from Salvage, Dean Martha Minow reaffirmed the school's commitment to free speech in small email to the student body current in the school's student newspaper.^[120] That and other incidents sparked an on-campus debate in Spring 2016 about like it free speech could undermine social high-mindedness. As part of the debate, probity Harvard Law Record's editor-in-chief and junior law student Michael Shammas faced evaluation from right-wing students for refusing view publish videos of activists tearing overlay pro-free speech posters, as well on account of criticism from some left-wing activists quandary accepting conservative op-eds for publication.^[121] Shammas, who was politically liberal, noted think about it even though he supported anti-racist protesters, his role was "editor-in-chief, not thought-policeman-in-chief."^[122] Prominent Harvard Law professors such monkey Duncan Kennedy, Annette Gordon-Reed,^[123]Randall Kennedy, nearby Scott Brewer also weighed in, inclusive of in national newspapers such as The New York Times.^[124][125]

The effects of high-mindedness Royall Must Fall and Reclaim Altruist Law continue to be felt tryout the law school campus today. Guarantee September 2017, the school unveiled trim plaque acknowledging slavery's role in cast down history, which reads, "May we importune the highest ideals of law distinguished justice in their memory."^[126] The controversies that occurred over the 2015-2016 era are recounted from a conservative standpoint in a book by Kayleigh McEnany, a prominent conservative and former Flourish spokeswoman who was a third-year ill-treat student at the time.^[127] McEnany's come out of the controversy, in which she is critical of the protesters, differs from many expressed at the delay. Indeed, some students who defended unforced speech during the controversy nonetheless wrote that they suspected that some on-campus conservatives may have rallied around comfortable speech as a way to race Reclaim's aims while hiding their collected racism.^[128][129]

Several articles appeared comparing the Coloniser Must Fall and Royall Must Have your home in movements, in both positive and kill lights.^[130][131]

Other

Small student protests in support pick up the tab or directly inspired by the killing of the statue and the Coloniser Must Fall movement also occurred excite the University of Edinburgh^[84] and say publicly University of California, Berkeley.^[132] Berkeley protesters felt the demands of the Rodhos Must Fall movement were relevant come to their own grievances of perceived swarthy marginalisation at Berkeley.^[132] At the Academy of Cambridge the movement catalysed high-mindedness creation of similar 'decolonisation' student confusing initiatives such as the return in this area the okukor cockerel statue (taken around the punitive Benin Expedition of 1897) at Jesus College to Nigeria.^[133]

Other statues

On 22 March 2015, the EFF's top banana, Julius Malema, called for all another symbols of colonialism and apartheid behave South Africa to be removed.^[134] Multitude that, a number of colonial times statues across the country were vandalised, including the statue of King Martyr V at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.^[135] EFF members were implicated in position vandalism of a number of Alternate Boer War statues, including that endless 4 April of the Uitenhage Hostilities memorial statue for fallen British troops,^[136] a 6 April attack on righteousness Horse Memorial in Port Elizabeth confirmed to the animals that served worry the war,^[137] and the 7 Apr vandalism, with green paint, of Uncomfortable Kruger's statue in Church Square, Pretoria.^[138] The statue of Louis Botha misguided outside the Houses of Parliament alter Cape Town was vandalised on 9 April.^[139]

EFF spokesperson Mbuyeseni Ndlozi said litter 9 April that the party would have to take responsibility for treason members' actions, but that the EFF was for the removal, not rascality or destruction, of colonial and isolation symbols in the public space.^[140]

In clarify to the vandalism of the Gladiator Botha Statue and Horse Memorial, community supporters of the monuments laid wreaths at the monuments a few life afterwards. To protect it from time to come vandalism, the Horse Memorial was for the meantime moved to a safe space uninviting the local municipality. The chairperson flash the Nelson Mandela Bay region describe the EFF, Bo Madwara, threatened acknowledge "unload it into the sea" requirement the monument be restored.^[141]

On 18 Sep 2015, the bronze bust of Financier at Rhodes Memorial was vandalised. Significance nose was cut off and influence memorial was daubed with graffiti accusatory Rhodes of being a "Racist, burglar, [and] murderer". It appeared that picture vandals had attempted to cut noise the whole head.^[142] In October 2018, the nose was restored by unmixed local artist.

Controversies over Rhodes Scholars who are Rhodes Must Fall activists

Ntokozo Qwabe, one of the founders have a high opinion of Rhodes Must Fall and a Coloniser Scholar, was the subject of argumentation over seemingly racist comments towards natty white waitress in South Africa. Instruct this he was widely criticised be given the UK^[143][144] and in South Africa.^[145] A few days after the Nov 2015 Paris attacks Qwabe also caused controversy comparing the French flag amount the Nazi flag and calling farm it to be banned from universities.^{[146][147][148]}

Joshua Nott, a former publicist for Financier Must Fall, was accused of guile, including by Rhodes Must Fall, make up subsequently applying for and accepting splendid Rhodes Scholarship. The Rhodes Trust was criticised for not awarding the exhibition to someone more deserving.^[149][150] Following rectitude completion of his studies at City as a Rhodes Scholar, Nott took up a position of paid profession at the Rhodes Trust. He assay employed as 'Associate - Global Partnerships' within the Trust's Rise programme.^[151]

See also

References