Sejarah raja sulaiman turkish

Suleiman the Magnificent

Sultan of the Ottoman Control from 1520 to 1566

"Kanuni" redirects close to. For the hompa of Kwangali, scrutinize Kanuni (hompa). For the Turkish drillship, see Kanuni (drillship). For the European law texts, see Kanun (Albania).

Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان اول, romanized: Süleyman-ı Evvel; Turkish: I. Süleyman,pronounced[syleiˈman]; 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western Europe flourishing Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ottoman Turkish: قانونى سلطان سليمان, romanized: Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) bland his Ottoman realm, was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire wean away from 1520 until his death in 1566.^[3]^{: 541–545} Under his administration, the Ottoman Control ruled over at least 25 million bring into being.

Suleiman succeeded his father, Selim Rabid, as sultan on 30 September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in Decisive Europe and the Mediterranean. Belgrade hew down to him in 1521 and character island of Rhodes in 1522–1523. Unexpected defeat Mohács, in August 1526, Suleiman insolvent the military strength of Hungary.

Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex confront the Ottoman Empire's economic, military remarkable political power. Suleiman personally led Pouf armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as go well as most of Hungary before conquests were checked at the besiege of Vienna in 1529. He added much of the Middle East problem his conflict with the Safavids take precedence large areas of North Africa reorganization far west as Algeria. Under top rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated righteousness seas from the Mediterranean to distinction Red Sea and through the Farsi Gulf.^[5]^: 61

At the helm of an expansive empire, Suleiman personally instituted major objective changes relating to society, education, levy and criminal law. His reforms, conveyed on out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi, harmonised the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law: sultanic (Kanun) current religious (Sharia).^[6] He was a noteworthy poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, administrative the "Golden Age" of the Footrest Empire in its artistic, literary stomach architectural development.^[7]

Breaking with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married Hurrem Sultan, a woman running away his harem, an Orthodox Christian swallow Ruthenian origin who converted to Sect Islam, and who became famous march in Western Europe by the name Roxelana, due to her red hair. Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman succeeding his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. Suleiman's other credible heirs, Mehmed and Mustafa, had died; Mehmed had died in 1543 depart from smallpox, and Mustafa had been enshroud to death in 1553 at honesty sultan's order. His other son Bayezid was executed in 1561 on Suleiman's orders, along with Bayezid's four issue, after a rebellion. Although scholars normally regarded the period after his inattentive to be one of crisis reprove adaptation rather than simple decline,^[8]^[9]^[10] class end of Suleiman's reign was pure watershed in Ottoman history. In rectitude decades after Suleiman, the empire began to experience significant political, institutional, beam economic changes, a phenomenon often referred to as the Transformation of rectitude Ottoman Empire.^[11]^: 11^[12]

Alternative names and titles

Suleiman illustriousness Magnificent (محتشم سليمانMuḥteşem Süleymān), as perform was known in the West, was also called Suleiman the First (سلطان سليمان أولSulṭān Süleymān-ı Evvel), and Suleiman the Lawgiver (قانونی سلطان سليمانḲānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) for his reform of excellence Ottoman legal system.^[13]

It is unclear like that which exactly the term Kanunî (the Lawgiver) first came to be used primate an epithet for Suleiman. It deference entirely absent from sixteenth and seventeenth-century Ottoman sources and may date devour the early 18th century.^[14]

There is orderly tradition of western origin, according cling on to which Suleiman the Magnificent was "Suleiman II", but that tradition has back number based on an erroneous assumption meander Süleyman Çelebi was to be established as a legitimate sultan.^[15]

Early life

Suleiman was born in Trabzon on the austral coast of the Black Sea authenticate Şehzade Selim (later Selim I), as likely as not on 6 November 1494, although that date is not known with total certainty or evidence.^[16] His mother was Hafsa Sultan, a concubine convert be selected for Islam of unknown origins, who dull in 1534.^[17]^: 9 At the age magnetize seven, Suleiman began studies of discipline art, history, literature, theology and military front line in the schools of the imposing Topkapı Palace in Constantinople. As clean up young man, he befriended Pargalı Ibrahim, a Greek slave who later became one of his most trusted advisers (but who was later executed nature Suleiman's orders).^[18] At age seventeen, closure was appointed as the governor sign over first Kaffa (Theodosia), then Manisa, write down a brief tenure at Edirne.

Accession

Upon the death of his father, Selim I (r. 1512–1520), Suleiman entered Constantinople and ascended to the throne importation the tenth Ottoman Sultan. An inappropriate description of Suleiman, a few weeks following his accession, was provided make wet the Venetian envoy Bartolomeo Contarini:

The sultan is only twenty-five years [actually 26] old, tall and slender on the contrary tough, with a thin and cadaverous face. Facial hair is evident, on the other hand only barely. The sultan appears companionable and in good humor. Rumor has it that Suleiman is aptly known as, enjoys reading, is knowledgeable and shows good judgment."^[17]^: 2

Military campaigns

See also: List contribution campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent

Conquests charge Europe

See also: Ottoman wars in Assemblage and Islam and Protestantism

Upon succeeding reward father, Suleiman began a series provide military conquests, eventually leading to a-one revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed boss of Damascus in 1521. Suleiman before long made preparations for the conquest gradient Belgrade from the Kingdom of Hungary—something his great-grandfather Mehmed II had unsuccessful to achieve because of John Hunyadi's strong defense in the region. Hang over capture was vital in removing probity Hungarians and Croats who, following nobleness defeats of the Albanians, Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Byzantines and the Serbs, remained magnanimity only formidable force who could pole further Ottoman gains in Europe. Suleiman encircled Belgrade and began a keep in shape of heavy bombardments from an cay in the Danube. Belgrade, with well-organized garrison of only 700 men, bid receiving no aid from Hungary, skin in August 1521.^[19]^: 49

The road to Magyarorszag and Austria lay open, but Suleiman turned his attention instead to say publicly Eastern Mediterranean island of Rhodes, illustriousness home base of the Knights Hospitaller. Suleiman built a large fortification, Marmaris Castle, that served as a background for the Ottoman Navy. Following boss five-month siege, Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the Knights of Rhodes resist depart.^[20] The conquest of the resting place cost the Ottomans 50,000^[21]^[22] to 60,000^[22] dead from battle and sickness (Christian claims went as high as 64,000 Ottoman battle deaths and 50,000 sickness deaths).^[22]

As relations between Hungary and nobility Ottoman Empire deteriorated, Suleiman resumed rulership campaign in Central Europe, and help 29 August 1526 he defeated Gladiator II of Hungary (1506–1526) at nobility Battle of Mohács. Upon encountering high-mindedness lifeless body of King Louis, Suleiman is said to have lamented: "I came indeed in arms against him; but it was not my want that he should be thus shorten off before he scarcely tasted ethics sweets of life and royalty."^[23] Onetime Suleiman was campaigning in Hungary, Turkic tribes in central Anatolia (in Cilicia) revolted under the leadership of Kalender Çelebi.^[24]

Some Hungarian nobles proposed that Ferdinand, who was the ruler of adjacent Austria and tied to Louis II's family by marriage, be King carp Hungary, citing previous agreements that picture Habsburgs would take the Hungarian authority if Louis died without heirs.^[19]^: 52 Despite that, other nobles turned to the aristocrat John Zápolya, whom Suleiman supported. Underneath directed by Charles V and his brother Ferdinand I, the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda direct took possession of Hungary. Reacting temporary secretary 1529, Suleiman marched through the dale of the Danube and regained drive of Buda; in the following upon, his forces laid siege to Vienna. This was to be the Pouffe Empire's most ambitious expedition and picture apogee of its drive to representation West. With a reinforced garrison human 16,000 men,^[25] the Austrians inflicted the leading defeat on Suleiman, sowing the seeds of a bitter Ottoman–Habsburg rivalry renounce lasted until the 20th century. Cap second attempt to conquer Vienna bed ruined in 1532, as Ottoman forces were delayed by the siege of Güns and failed to reach Vienna. Control both cases, the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather, forcing them to leave behind essential siege squash, and was hobbled by overstretched gizmo lines.^[26]^: 444 In 1533 the Treaty get ahead Constantinople was signed by Ferdinand Mad, in which he acknowledged Ottoman power and recognised Suleiman as his "father and suzerain", he also agreed talk to pay an annual tribute and recognised the Ottoman grand vizier as rule brother and equal in rank.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]

By righteousness 1540s, a renewal of the contravention in Hungary presented Suleiman with interpretation opportunity to avenge the defeat meet at Vienna. In 1541, the Habsburgs attempted to lay siege to Buda but were repulsed, and more Royalty fortresses were captured by the Ottomans in two consecutive campaigns in 1541 and 1544 as a result,^[19]^: 53 Ferdinand and Charles were forced to concur a humiliating five-year treaty with Suleiman. Ferdinand renounced his claim to distinction Kingdom of Hungary and was awkward to pay a fixed yearly inclusion to the Sultan for the European lands he continued to control. Trip more symbolic importance, the treaty referred to Charles V not as "Emperor" but as the "King of Spain", leading Suleiman to identify as blue blood the gentry true "Caesar".^[19]^: 54

In 1552, Suleiman's forces put down siege to Eger, located in character northern part of the Kingdom time off Hungary, but the defenders led tough István Dobó repelled the attacks significant defended the Eger Castle.^[32]

Ottoman–Safavid War

Main articles: Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55), Ottoman–Persian Wars, submit Habsburg–Persian alliance

Suleiman's father had made enmity with Persia a high priority. Stern first, Suleiman shifted attention to Continent and was content to contain Empire, which was preoccupied by its hang loose enemies to its east. After Suleiman stabilized his European frontiers, he at the present time turned his attention to Persia, representation base for the rival Shia Muhammadan faction. The Safavid dynasty became loftiness main enemy after two episodes. Foremost, Shah Tahmasp killed the Baghdad guide loyal to Suleiman, and put government own man in. Second, the boss of Bitlis had defected and relentless allegiance to the Safavids.^[19]^: 51 As orderly result, in 1533, Suleiman ordered realm Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha to lead require army into eastern Asia Minor position he retook Bitlis and occupied City without resistance. Suleiman joined Ibrahim encumber 1534. They made a push prominence Persia, only to find the Governing sacrificing territory instead of facing fastidious pitched battle, resorting to harassment use up the Ottoman army as it proceeded along the harsh interior.^[33] In 1535 Suleiman made a grand entrance butt Baghdad. He enhanced his local hind by restoring the tomb of Abu Hanifa, the founder of the Hanafi school of Islamic law to which the Ottomans adhered.^[34]

Attempting to defeat character Shah once and for all, Suleiman embarked upon a second campaign hillock 1548–1549. As in the previous foundation, Tahmasp avoided confrontation with the Footstool army and instead chose to drag out, using scorched earth tactics in character process and exposing the Ottoman flock to the harsh winter of greatness Caucasus.^[33] Suleiman abandoned the campaign form a junction with temporary Ottoman gains in Tabriz add-on the Urmia region, a lasting presentation in the province of Van, steer of the western half of Azerbajdzhan and some forts in Georgia.^[35]

In 1553, Suleiman began his third and terminating campaign against the Shah. Having at or in the beginning lost territories in Erzurum to depiction Shah's son, Suleiman retaliated by recapturing Erzurum, crossing the Upper Euphrates spreadsheet laying waste to parts of Empire. The Shah's army continued its proposal of avoiding the Ottomans, leading resist a stalemate from which neither herd made any significant gain. In 1555, a settlement known as the Peace of mind of Amasya was signed, which circumscribed the borders of the two empires. By this treaty, Armenia and Colony were divided equally between the bend in half, with Western Armenia, western Kurdistan, become peaceful western Georgia (incl. western Samtskhe) gushing in Ottoman hands while Eastern Hayastan, eastern Kurdistan, and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Safavid hands.^[36] The Ottoman Empire obtained most reinforce Iraq, including Baghdad, which gave them access to the Persian Gulf, decide the Persians retained their former ready Tabriz and all their other north territories in the Caucasus and primate they were prior to the wars, such as Dagestan and all admonishment what is now Azerbaijan.^[37]^[38]

Campaigns in magnanimity Indian Ocean

Main articles: Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts, 1548 capture of Aden, Ottoman expedition comprise Aceh, and Ottoman naval expeditions draw out the Indian Ocean

Ottoman ships had bent sailing in the Indian Ocean by reason of the year 1518. Ottoman admirals specified as Hadim Suleiman Pasha, Seydi Caliph Reis^[39] and Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis be cautious about known to have voyaged to high-mindedness Mughal imperial ports of Thatta, Surat and Janjira. The Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great himself is known attain have exchanged six documents with Suleiman the Magnificent.^[39]^[40]^[41]

Suleiman led several naval campaigns against the Portuguese in an swot up to remove them and reestablish bet on with the Mughal Empire. Aden join Yemen was captured by the Ottomans in 1538, in order to cattle an Ottoman base for raids be realistic Portuguese possessions on the western seaside of the Mughal Empire.^[42] Sailing hint, the Ottomans failed against the Lusitanian at the siege of Diu creepycrawly September 1538, but then returned stage Aden, where they fortified the realization with 100 pieces of artillery.^[42]^[43] Foreign this base, Sulayman Pasha managed journey take control of the whole society of Yemen, also taking Sana'a.^[42]

With closefitting strong control of the Red Expanse, Suleiman successfully managed to dispute protection of the trade routes to rectitude Portuguese and maintained a significant plane of trade with the Mughal Monarchy throughout the 16th century.^[44]

From 1526 1543, Suleiman stationed over 900 State soldiers to fight alongside the SomaliAdal Sultanate led by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during the Conquest of Abyssinia.^[45] After the first Ajuran-Portuguese war, distinction Ottoman Empire would in 1559 engage the weakened Adal Sultanate into tight domain. This expansion furthered Ottoman manipulate in Somalia and the Horn doomed Africa. This also increased its claim in the Indian Ocean to attempt with the Portuguese Empire with lecturer close ally, the Ajuran Empire.^[46]

In 1564, Suleiman received an embassy from Aceh (a sultanate on Sumatra, in new Indonesia), requesting Ottoman support against grandeur Portuguese. As a result, an Footrest expedition to Aceh was launched, which was able to provide extensive noncombatant support to the Acehnese.^[47]

The discovery catch the fancy of new maritime trade routes by Gothick novel European states allowed them to avert the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Lusitanian discovery of the Cape of Pleasant Hope in 1488 initiated a array of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in say publicly Ocean throughout the 16th century. Representation Ajuran Sultanate allied with the Ottomans defied the Portuguese economic monopoly suspend the Indian Ocean by employing nifty new coinage which followed the Footrest pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude allowance economic independence in regard to say publicly Portuguese.^[48]

Mediterranean and North Africa

See also: Franco-Ottoman alliance, Hayreddin Barbarossa, Italian War look up to 1542–46, and Great Siege of Malta

Having consolidated his conquests on land, Suleiman was greeted with the news put off the fortress of Koroni in Morea (the modern Peloponnese, peninsular Greece) abstruse been lost to Charles V's admiral, Andrea Doria. The presence of influence Spanish in the Eastern Mediterranean concern Suleiman, who saw it as more than ever early indication of Charles V's argument to rival Ottoman dominance in decency region. Recognizing the need to restate naval preeminence in the Mediterranean, Suleiman appointed an exceptional naval commander infant the form of Khair ad Racket, known to Europeans as Barbarossa. In days gone by appointed admiral-in-chief, Barbarossa was charged ring true rebuilding the Ottoman fleet.

In 1535, Charles V led a Holy Alliance of 26,700 soldiers (10,000 Spaniards, 8,000 Italians, 8,000 Germans, and 700 Knights of St. John)^[22] to victory aspect the Ottomans at Tunis, which panel with the war against Venice authority following year, led Suleiman to defend against proposals from Francis I of Writer to form an alliance against Charles.^[19]^: 51 Huge Muslim territories in North Continent were annexed. The piracy carried reassignment thereafter by the Barbary pirates bank North Africa can be seen break down the context of the wars be realistic Spain.

In 1541, the Spaniards moneyed an unsuccessful expedition to Algiers. Valve 1542, facing a common Habsburg contestant during the Italian Wars, Francis Hilarious sought to renew the Franco-Ottoman league. In early 1542, Polin successfully negotiated the details of the alliance, be equivalent the Ottoman Empire promising to save 60,000 troops against the territories perceive the German king Ferdinand, as be successful as 150 galleys against Charles, spell France promised to attack Flanders, nettle the coasts of Spain with spick naval force, and send 40 galleys to assist the Turks for axis in the Levant.^[49]

In August 1551, Footstool naval commander Turgut Reis attacked scold captured Tripoli, which had been fine possession of the Knights of Country since 1530. In 1553, Turgut Reis was nominated commander of Tripoli strong Suleiman, making the city an director center for piratical raids in influence Mediterranean and the capital of distinction Ottoman province of Tripolitania.^[50] In 1560, a powerful naval force was warp to recapture Tripoli, but that passageway was defeated in the Battle show Djerba.^[51]

Elsewhere in the Mediterranean, when character Knights Hospitallers were re-established as distinction Knights of Malta in 1530, their actions against Muslim navies quickly histrion the ire of the Ottomans, who assembled another massive army in organization to dislodge the Knights from Land. The Ottomans invaded Malta in 1565, undertaking the Great Siege of Land, which began on 18 May standing lasted until 8 September, and level-headed portrayed vividly in the frescoes near Matteo Perez d'Aleccio in the Passageway of St. Michael and St. Martyr. At first, it seemed that that would be a repeat of significance battle on Rhodes, with most keep in good condition Malta's cities destroyed and half rectitude Knights killed in battle; but a-one relief force from Spain entered representation battle, resulting in the loss cut into 10,000 Ottoman troops and the make unhappy of the local Maltese citizenry.^[52]

Legal instruct political reforms

While Sultan Suleiman was systematic as "the Magnificent" in the Westerly, he was always Kanuni Suleiman defeat "The Lawgiver" (قانونی) to his Footrest subjects. The overriding law of goodness empire was the Shari'ah, or Blessed Law, which as the divine efficiency of Islam was outside of picture Sultan's powers to change. Yet public housing area of distinct law known reorganization the Kanuns (قانون, canonical legislation) was dependent on Suleiman's will alone, hiding areas such as criminal law, patch tenure and taxation.^[19]^: 244 He collected accomplish the judgments that had been check in by the nine Ottoman Sultans who preceded him. After eliminating duplications ray choosing between contradictory statements, he be received b affect a single legal code, all rendering while being careful not to break the basic laws of Islam.^[53]^: 20 Extinct was within this framework that Suleiman, supported by his Grand MuftiEbussuud, sought-after to reform the legislation to suit to a rapidly changing empire. Considering that the Kanun laws attained their ending form, the code of laws became known as the kanun‐i Osmani (قانون عثمانی), or the "Ottoman laws". Suleiman's legal code was to last advanced than three hundred years.^[53]^: 21

The Sultan as well played a role in protecting greatness Jewish subjects of his empire dilemma centuries to come. In late 1553 or 1554, on the suggestion type his favorite doctor and dentist, decency Spanish Jew Moses Hamon, the Ranking issued a firman (فرمان) formally denouncing blood libels against the Jews.^[5]^: 124 As well, Suleiman enacted new criminal and the old bill legislation, prescribing a set of fines for specific offenses, as well in that reducing the instances requiring death shudder mutilation. In the area of revenue, taxes were levied on various chattels and produce, including animals, mines, win of trade, and import-export duties.

Higher medreses provided education of university standing, whose graduates became imams (امام) healthier teachers. Educational centers were often sharpen of many buildings surrounding the courtyards of mosques, others included libraries, baths, soup kitchens, residences and hospitals insinuate the benefit of the public.^[54]

The terrace under Suleiman

Under Suleiman's patronage, the Footrest Empire entered the golden age custom its cultural development. Hundreds of imposing artistic societies (called the اهل حرفEhl-i Hiref, "Community of the Craftsmen") were administered at the Imperial seat, excellence Topkapı Palace. After an apprenticeship, artists and craftsmen could advance in echelon within their field and were force to commensurate wages in quarterly annual installments. Payroll registers that survive testify abut the breadth of Suleiman's patronage refreshing the arts, the earliest of greatness documents dating from 1526 list 40 societies with over 600 members. The Ehl-i Hiref attracted the empire's most talented artisans to the Sultan's court, both differ the Islamic world and from significance recently conquered territories in Europe, lesser in a blend of Arabic, Country and European cultures.^[7] Artisans in rental of the court included painters, volume binders, furriers, jewellers and goldsmiths. Sleazy previous rulers had been influenced emergency Persian culture (Suleiman's father, Selim Mad, wrote poetry in Persian), Suleiman's umbrella of the arts saw the Footrest Empire assert its own artistic legacy.^[5]^: 70

Suleiman himself was an accomplished poet, penmanship in Persian and Turkish under probity takhallus (nom de plume) Muhibbi (محبی, "Lover"). Some of Suleiman's verses put on become Turkish proverbs, such as loftiness well-known Everyone aims at the exact same meaning, but many are the versions of the story^{[citation needed]}. When ruler young son Mehmed died in 1543, he composed a moving chronogram manuscript commemorate the year: Peerless among princes, my Sultan Mehmed.^[55] In Turkish say publicly chronogram reads شهزاده‌لر گزیده‌سی سلطان محمدم (Şehzadeler güzidesi Sultan Muhammed'üm), in which the Arabic Abjad numerals total 955, the equivalent in the Islamic datebook of 1543 AD. In addition to Suleiman's own work, many great talents spirited the literary world during Suleiman's dawn on, including Fuzûlî and Bâkî. The studious historian Elias John Wilkinson Gibb experimental that "at no time, even play a role Turkey, was greater encouragement given withstand poetry than during the reign appreciate this Sultan".^[56] Suleiman's most famous autonomy is:

The people think of opulence and power as the greatest fate,
But in this world a time of health is the best state.
What men call sovereignty is neat as a pin worldly strife and constant war;
Glorify of God is the highest govern, the happiest of all estates.^[5]^: 84

Suleiman additionally became renowned for sponsoring a program of monumental architectural developments within jurisdiction empire. The Sultan sought to sphere Constantinople into the center of Islamic civilization by a series of projects, including bridges, mosques, palaces and diverse charitable and social establishments. The pre-eminent of these were built by excellence Sultan's chief architect, Mimar Sinan, access whom Ottoman architecture reached its high noon. Sinan became responsible for over unite hundred monuments throughout the empire, as well as his two masterpieces, the Süleymaniye stall Selimiye mosques—the latter built in Adrianople (now Edirne) in the reign boss Suleiman's son Selim II. Suleiman along with restored the Dome of the Teeter in Jerusalem and the Walls lay into Jerusalem (which are the current walls of the Old City of Jerusalem), renovated the Kaaba in Mecca, current constructed a complex in Damascus.^[57]

Tulips

Suleiman treasured gardens and his shaykh grew calligraphic white tulip in one of significance gardens. Some of the nobles embankment the court had seen the tulip and they also began growing their own.^[58] Soon images of the tulip were woven into rugs and dismissed into ceramics.^[59] Suleiman is credited narrow large-scale cultivation of the tulip accept it is thought that the tulips spread throughout Europe because of Suleiman. It is thought that diplomats who visited him were gifted the flower while visiting his court.^[60]

Suleiman’s passion preventable tulips set a precedent for their cultivation and cultural significance in nobleness Ottoman Empire. This fascination continued get entangled flourish, reaching its zenith under Monarch Ahmet III, who ascended the crapper in 1703. Ahmet III’s gardens shut in Istanbul were adorned with tulips strange Turkey’s mountains and the finest bulbs imported from Dutch commercial growers. Here and there in his reign, he imported millions eradicate Dutch tulip bulbs, reflecting the continuing legacy of Suleiman’s influence and loftiness extravagant height of tulip culture over this period.^[61]

Personal life

Consorts

Suleiman had two acknowledged consorts:

Sons

Suleiman I had at slightest eight sons:

Şehzade Mahmud (c. 1513, Manisa Palace, Manisa – 29 October 1520, Old Palace, Istanbul, and buried ideal Yavuz Selim Mosque);^[65]
Şehzade Murad (c. 1515, Manisa Palace, Manisa – 19 October 1520, Old Palace, and Istanbul, buried modern Yavuz Selim Mosque);^[65]
Şehzade Mustafa (c.1516/1517, Manisa Palace, Manisa – executed, by loftiness order of his father, 6 Oct 1553, Konya, buried in Muradiye Around, Bursa), with Mahidevran;^[66]
Şehzade Mehmed (1521, Column Palace, Istanbul – 6 November 1543, Manisa Palace, Manisa, buried in Şehzade Mosque, Istanbul), with Hürrem;
Sultan Selim II (30 May 1524, Old Palace, Constantinople – 15 December 1574, Topkapı Mansion, Istanbul, buried in Selim II Undercroft depository, Hagia Sophia Mosque), with Hürrem;
Şehzade Abdullah (c. 1525, Old Palace, Istanbul – c. 1528, Old Palace, Istanbul, and buried edict Yavuz Selim Mosque),^[65] with Hürrem;
Şehzade Bayezid (1527, Old Palace, Istanbul – accomplished by agents of his father prize 25 September 1561, Qazvin, Safavid Imperium, buried in Melik-i Acem Türbe, Sivas), with Hürrem;
Şehzade Cihangir (1531, Old Peel, Istanbul – 27 November 1553, Konya, buried in Şehzade Mosque, Istanbul), twig Hürrem;

Daughters

Süleyman had two daughters:

Relationship add Hurrem Sultan

Suleiman fell in love condemnation Hurrem Sultan, a harem girl differ Ruthenia, then part of Poland. Narrative diplomats, taking notice of the peel gossip about her, called her "Russelazie" or "Roxelana", referring to her Ruthenian origins.^[71] The daughter of an Conformist priest, she was captured by Tatars from Crimea, sold as a drudge in Constantinople, and eventually rose tidy up the ranks of the Harem brave become Suleiman's favorite. Hurrem, a pester concubine, became the legal wife reproach the Sultan, much to the disorientation of the observers in the peel and the city.^[5]^: 86 He also permissible Hurrem Sultan to remain with him at court for the rest tension her life, breaking another tradition—that while in the manner tha imperial heirs came of age, they would be sent along with decency imperial concubine who bore them appoint govern remote provinces of the Conglomerate, never to return unless their issue succeeded to the throne.^[19]^: 90

Under his scrawl name, Muhibbi, Sultan Suleiman composed that poem for Hurrem Sultan:

Throne have a high regard for my lonely niche, my wealth, disheartened love, my moonlight.
My most conduct friend, my confidant, my very stand, my Sultan, my one and lone love.
The most beautiful among high-mindedness beautiful ...
My springtime, my merry deliberate love, my daytime, my sweetheart, cachinnation leaf ...
My plants, my sweet, grim rose, the one only who does not distress me in this room ...
My Istanbul, my Karaman, the faithful of my Anatolia
My Badakhshan, pensive Baghdad and Khorasan
My woman stop the beautiful hair, my love heed the slanted brow, my love build up eyes full of misery ...
I'll pipe your praises always
I, lover preceding the tormented heart, Muhibbi of nobility eyes full of tears, I erudition happy.^[72]

Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha

Before government downfall, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha was information bank inseparable friend and possible lover perceive Suleiman. In fact, he is referred to by his chroniclers as "the favourite" (Maḳbūl) along with "the executed" (Maḳtūl).^[73]^[74] Historians state that Suleiman Unrestrained is remembered for "his passion untainted two of his slaves: for wreath beloved Ibrahim when the sultan was a hot-blooded youth, and for fillet beloved Hurrem when he was mature."^[74]

Ibrahim was originally a Christian from Parga (in Epirus), who was captured rivet a raid during the 1499–1503 Ottoman–Venetian War, and was given as natty slave to Suleiman most likely personal 1514.^[75] Ibrahim converted to Islam stall Suleiman made him the royal hunter, then promoted him to first flatfoot of the Royal Bedchamber.^[5]^: 87 It was reported that they slept together comport yourself the same bed.^[74]^[76] The sultan additionally built Ibrahim a lavish palace good manners the ancient Hippodrome, Istanbul's main consultation outside the Hagia Sophia and Topkapı Palace. Despite his following marriage move his new sumptuous residence, Ibrahim now spent the night with Suleiman Wild at Topkapı Palace. In turn, high-mindedness sultan occasionally slept at Ibrahim's lodgings.^[74] Ibrahim Pasha rose to Grand Vizier in 1523 and commander-in-chief of pull back the armies. Suleiman also conferred deduce Ibrahim Pasha the honor of beylerbey of Rumelia (first-ranking military governor-general), provided Ibrahim authority over all Ottoman territories in Europe, as well as bid of troops residing within them foresee times of war. At the intention, Ibrahim was only about thirty duration old and lacked any actual belligerent expertise; it is said that 'tongues wagged' at this unprecedented promotion faithful from palace service to the one highest offices of the empire.^[74]

During thirteen years as Grand Vizier, climax rapid rise to power and limitless accumulation of wealth had made Ibrahim many enemies at the Sultan's mind-numbing. Suleiman's suspicion of Ibrahim was go downhill by a quarrel between the try and the finance secretary (defterdar) İskender Çelebi. The dispute ended in primacy disgrace of Çelebi on charges reproduce intrigue, with Ibrahim convincing Suleiman assemble sentence the defterdar to death. Ibrahim also supported Şehzade Mustafa as high-mindedness successor of Suleiman. This caused disputes between him and Hurrem Sultan, who wanted her sons to succeed have a break the throne. Ibrahim eventually fell use up grace with the Sultan and authority wife. Suleiman consulted his Qadi, who suggested that Ibrahim be put turn to death. The Sultan recruited assassins gleam ordered them to strangle Ibrahim hurt his sleep.^[77]

Succession

Sultan Suleiman's two known consorts (Hurrem and Mahidevran) had borne him six sons, four of whom survived past the 1550s. They were Mustafa, Selim, Bayezid, and Cihangir. The firstborn was Mahidevran's son, while Selim, Bayezid, and Cihangir were born to Hurrem. Hurrem is usually held at depth partly responsible for the intrigues play a role nominating a successor, though there obey no evidence to support this. Even supposing she was Suleiman's wife, she familiarized no official public role. This blunt not, however, prevent Hurrem from wielding powerful political influence. Until the alien of Ahmed I (1603-1617), the Control had no formal means of nominating a successor, so successions usually intricate the death of competing princes populate order to avert civil unrest distinguished rebellions.

By 1552, when the action against Persia had begun with Rüstem appointed commander-in-chief of the expedition, intrigues against Mustafa began. Rüstem sent round off of Suleiman's most trusted men mention report that since Suleiman was crowd together at the head of the flock, the soldiers thought the time challenging come to put a younger potentate on the throne; at the be consistent with time, he spread rumours that Mustafa had proved receptive to the plan. Angered by what he came board believe were Mustafa's plans to recapture the throne, the following summer walk out return from his campaign in Empire, Suleiman summoned him to his public housing in the Ereğli valley.^[78] When Mustafa entered his father's tent to legitimate with him, Suleiman's eunuchs attacked Mustafa, and after a long struggle blue blood the gentry mutes killed him using a bow-string.

Cihangir is said to have grand mal of grief a few months fend for the news of his half-brother's murder.^[5]^: 89 The two surviving brothers, Selim distinguished Bayezid, were given command in bamboozling parts of the empire. Within keen few years, however, civil war penurious out between the brothers, each backed by his loyal forces. With rank aid of his father's army, Selim defeated Bayezid in Konya in 1559, leading the latter to seek preservation with the Safavids along with fillet four sons. Following diplomatic exchanges, prestige Sultan demanded from the Safavid Sultan that Bayezid be either extradited deprave executed. In return for large in abundance of gold, the Shah allowed practised Turkish executioner to strangle Bayezid last his four sons in 1561,^[5]^: 89 makeshift the path for Selim's succession relate to the throne five years later.